| Description | Item |
| Plant Constants | |
| The tables given hereafter are a guide only and apart from “Trucks and Haulage”, are based on information given in the Reference Handbook issued by the “Caterpillar Tractor Co”. All plant references are to “Caterpillar” equipment. | |
| Density and Load Factors | |
|
Whilst measured quantities are generally ‘in situ’ or ‘in place’ quantities, the actual quantity to be removed and/or spread and levelled is, in practical terms, the ‘loose’ volume. The following table indicates the approximate density (weight) and load factor of common materials. Approximate Density and Load Factor of Common Materials |
Density and Load Factors
| Material | State of Material | Density | Density | |
| Insitu kg/m3 | Load Factor | Loose kg/m3 | ||
| Clay | Dry excavated | 1,840 | 0.81 | 1,480 |
| Wet excavated | 2,080 | 0.8 | 1,660 | |
| Clay and Gravel | Dry | 1,660 | 0.71 | 1,420 |
| Wet | 1,840 | 0.9 | 1,540 | |
| Decomposed Rock | 75% Rock, 25% Earth | 2,790 | 0.7 | 1,960 |
| 50% Rock, 50% Earth | 2,280 | 0.75 | 1,720 | |
| 25% Rock, 75% Earth | 1,960 | 0.8 | 1,570 | |
| Earth | Wet excavated | 2,020 | 0.79 | 1,600 |
| Gravel | Pitrun | 2,170 | 0.89 | 1,930 |
| Dry | 1,690 | 0.89 | 1,510 | |
| Sand | Dry, loose | 1,600 | 0.89 | 1,420 |
| Wet | 2,080 | 0.89 | 1,840 | |
| Sand and Gravel | Dry | 1,930 | 0.89 | 1,720 |
| Wet | 2,230 | 0.91 | 2,020 | |
| Stone | Crushed | 2,670 | 0.6 | 1,600 |
| Top Soil | 1,370 | 0.7 | 950 |
